Tus neeg tshawb nrhiav, Txhua-Lavxias teb sab Phytopathology Research Institute
e-mail: maria.erokhova@gmail.com
Txawm hais tias muaj kev vam meej tseem ceeb hauv kev tshawb xyuas cov qos yaj ywm lig blight thiab muab kev tswj kev xaiv rau hauv kev xyaum, raws li kev paub txog cov nroj tsuag kab mob, tus kab mob tseem ua rau cov qos yaj ywm poob loj heev vim poob rau hauv yields thiab ntau cov qoob loo tiv thaiv cov khoom inputs.
Nws tshwm sim los ntawm omycete Phytophthora infestan, ua rau foliar, qia, tuber lig blights.
Yog hais tias ib tug tuber nrog ib tug tsawg inoculum nkag mus rau hauv lub khw muag qos, tus kab mob no yuav ua rau kom poob loj. Lub causal tus neeg sawv cev ntawm lig blight tuaj yeem muaj sia nyob ntawm qhov kub ntawm 3 ° C. Kev puas tsuaj los ntawm cov nroj tsuag kab mob rau ntawm daim tawv nqaij tso cai rau cov kab mob uas ua rau muaj kev cuam tshuam thiab ua rau cov tawv nqaij mos, los ntawm cov qos yaj ywm.
Cov tsos mob ntawm foliar lig blight (https://gd.eppo.int/taxon/PHYTIN/photos thiab https://www.cabidigitallibrary.org/doi/10.1079/cabicompendium.40970) yog cov nplooj tsis sib xws uas nthuav dav mus rau hauv cov kab mob loj heev nyob rau theem siab ntawm kev loj hlob ntawm tus kab mob. Cov nplooj necrotic thaj chaw ntawm cov npoo ntawm sab saud ntawm nplooj yog surrounded los ntawm ib lub teeb daj chlorotic halo. Thaum muaj huab cua noo, cov kab mob dawb dawb yog tsim los ntawm cov npoo ntawm cov nplooj qis. Cov tsos mob ntawm tuber lig blight yog cov xim ntawm xim av mus rau purplish ntawm tuber daim tawv nqaij. Ib tug tan rau reddish-xim av rot yog pom nyob rau hauv tuber daim tawv nqaij. Qhov no rot nws thiaj li extends mus rau hauv nruab nrab ntawm ib tug tuber. Txoj kev tseem ceeb ntawm kev faib tawm ntawm cov nroj tsuag kab mob no yog kis tau los ntawm huab cua-zoosporangia los ntawm cov qoob loo uas nyob sib ze, cov qos yaj ywm tuaj yeem pab dawb thiab cov nroj tsuag, cog ua ntej rau cov qos yaj ywm uas nyob sib ze, hauv cov kab tawm. Nroj tsuag, loj hlob nyob rau hauv cov txheej txheem outgrade, nrog rau cov qos yaj ywm tuaj yeem pab dawb yuav yog cov chaw cia khoom rau cov kab mob aphid-yav los ntawm kab mob thiab lwm yam kab mob qoob loo (Rhizoctonia kab mob; dub dot, los ntawm Colletotrichum coccodes, powdery scab, tshwm sim los ntawm Spongospora subterranea - kev saib xyuas hauv tsev) thiab qoob loo kab tsuag (dawb-nyob nematodes, qos yaj ywm cyst nematodes, aphids). Tsis tas li ntawd, oospores zoo li yuav tsim nyob rau hauv cov reservoirs ntawm ib qho inoculum. Qhov no tuaj yeem ua rau lub caij nyoog nyuaj rau kev tswj hwm vim muaj kev pheej hmoo ntau ntxiv ntawm kev tsim cov oomycete resistant pejxeem rau cov qoob loo tiv thaiv cov khoom nyob rau hauv cov xwm txheej ntawm kev kho mob ntau ntxiv thiab cov nqi ntawm kev siv cov fungicides (oomycides).
Nyob rau hauv cov cheeb tsam yav qab teb nws raug nquahu kom siv sijhawm txau cov pawg tawm los ntawm kev kho mob ntawm diquate thiab glyphosate kom tua ib qho kev loj hlob ua ntej ib qho kev loj hlob ntawm cov qoob loo uas tau tsim tawm hauv cov kab tawm (nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm rov loj hlob ntawm cov nroj tsuag nyob rau hauv outgrade pawg nws yog tsim nyog. los tshuaj tsuag cov kab tawm no dua). Hom kev xyaum ua tau zoo rau kev tswj cov tub ntxhais hluas no nyob rau hauv cov kab tawm sab nrauv yog ib lub npog ntawm cov ntawv nrog hnyav gauge dub polythene. Sheeting nyob rau hauv ntug ntawm outgrade pawg yuav tsum tau muab kaw kom tsis txhob dispersal ntawm zoosporangia ntawm cov nroj tsuag kab mob thiab cov tsiaj tearing lub sheeting. Daim ntawv thov ntawm glyphosate tsis tas yuav tsum tau thaum cov txheej txheem outgrade yog them nrog dub polythene thaum ntxov.
Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb heev uas yuav tsum muaj cov pawg tawm zoo nyob deb ntawm cov qos yaj ywm qoob loo thiab cov dej ntws.
Txoj kev tshaj plaws ntawm kev yug me nyuam rau P. infestans yog asexual reproduction thaum zoosporangia germinate los ntawm hyphae los yog tso zoospores nrog flagella uas disperse nyob rau hauv dej films ua ntej encysting thiab kis rau cov nroj tsuag. Oospores tuaj yeem nyob hauv av tau ntev. Yog li, piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv txoj kab nrog cov ntaub ntawv ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb los ntawm Netherlands (Nroj Pathology phau ntawv journal, 2000), oospores tseem kis tau rau cov qos yaj ywm hauv cov av xuab zeb rau 48 lub hlis, hauv cov av nplaum nplaum rau 34 lub hlis thaum dej nyab. Nws tau pom tias qhov siab tshaj plaws ntawm oospores tau tsim nyob rau hauv ntau yam nrog rau qib qis ntawm haiv neeg-tsis muaj kev tiv thaiv.
Raws li cov ntaub ntawv teev tseg los ntawm European database Qhov zoo tshaj plaws 4 av (2020), nws tau pom zoo kom khiav XNUMX xyoos kev cog qoob loo kom txo qis cov av-borne inoculum ntawm Phytophthora infestan (oospores), qos yaj ywm cyst nematodes, rhizoctonia thiab lwm yam kab tsuag.
Ntau xyoo dhau los, lub tswv yim rau kev tswj cov kab mob qos yaj ywm yog raws li kev siv ntau ntawm cov ntawv thov kev tiv thaiv qoob loo. Txawm li cas los xij, vim muaj xwm txheej ceev ntawm cov tshiab resistant genotypes ntawm Phytophthora infestan (hauv qee lub tebchaws nyob sab Europe, EU_43_A1 genotype uas tiv taus mandipropamide ntawm koob tshuaj txog li 100 ppm); Kev tswj cov kab mob sib xyaw ua ke rau qos yaj ywm tau nthuav dav ntau dua.
MAIN METHOD FOR INTEGRATED LATE BLIGHT MANAGEMENT FOR POTATO
• Loj hlob qos yaj ywm ntau yam nrog rau qib siab ntawm cultivar resistance.
• Ua kom puas qhov chaw pib inoculum (cov qos yaj ywm ua haujlwm pub dawb, cov kab tawm qis, cov noob kab mob thiab cov qos yaj ywm muaj kab mob).
• Kev Siv Cov Kev Pabcuam Kev Txiav Txim Siab los txiav txim siab txog qhov zoo ntawm kev kho mob ntawm cov khoom tiv thaiv qoob loo thiab tswj cov kab mob lig dhau los ntawm kev siv cov tshuaj fungicides (oomycides), suav nrog kev pheej hmoo ntawm kev loj hlob ntawm blight lig, cultivar resistance thiab huab cua tej yam kev mob nyob rau hauv lub lub moj khaum ntawm kev tiv thaiv tiv thaiv zoo. Lavxias teb sab computer program (software) VNIIBBlight tau tsim los ntawm cov kws tshaj lij los ntawm All-Lavxias Phytopathology Research Institute. Lub koom haum All-Lavxias Phytopathology tshawb fawb tau txais patent RU 2019663121 (2019) ntawm Qhia forecasting - lig blight software los ua ib qho kev kwv yees online rau lig blight kev loj hlob rau thaj tsam ntawm Lavxias teb sab Federation. Qhov Kev Pabcuam Kev Txiav Txim Siab (DSS) AgroDozor yog siv los pab muab kev txiav txim siab txog kev siv cov khoom tiv thaiv qoob loo los tswj kev lig kev cai nyob rau hauv Russia. Qee qhov kev pabcuam DSS hauv lwm lub tebchaws tau tsim los kwv yees qhov kev pheej hmoo ntawm kev txhim kho lig. Piv txwv li, online platform Hutton BlightSpy nyob rau hauv UKhelps nyob rau hauv forecasting txoj kev pheej hmoo ntawm lub lig blight txoj kev loj hlob. Cov peev txheej no yog tuav los ntawm James Hutton Limited, cov ntaub ntawv huab cua los ntawm Norwegian Meteorological Institute tau ntawv tso cai raws li Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International daim ntawv tso cai.
Cov peev txheej / platforms tau tsim nyob rau qee thaj tsam hauv lub moj khaum ntawm R & D cov haujlwm (piv txwv li, hauv Tebchaws Europe - EuroBlight , hauv Suav teb - ChinaBlight). Cov ntaub ntawv zoo li no txhawb nqa cov neeg cog qoob loo kom paub txog kev txiav txim siab, suav nrog cov qauv ntawm cov pej xeem hauv cheeb tsam thiab qib ntawm kev tiv thaiv kab mob fungicides (oomycides).
EuroBlight Fungicide Tables (https://agro.au.dk/forskning/internationale-platforme/euroblight/) tau raug tswj xyuas nyob rau hauv lub platform ntawm European koom haum rau cov kws tshaj lij thiab cov koom haum nyob rau lub sijhawm lig blight los tswj lub sijhawm lig blight nyob rau lwm qhov chaw ntawm cov qos yaj ywm nroj tsuag thiab tawm tsam thaum ntxov blight.
• Ua kom cov kab mob tua kab mob hauv lub khw kom txo cov tuber poob thiab cov noob uas muaj inoculum hauv xyoo tom ntej.