Tsev Kawm Ntawv Qib Siab Florida:
Yuav ua li cas fertilize cov nroj tsuag
ntawm qhov chaw pivots
rau cov qos yaj ywm lag luam
(kev tshawb fawb xyoo 2020)

Qos yaj ywm yog ib qho qoob loo tseem ceeb hauv Tebchaws Meskas, nrog rau tus nqi ntawm $ 4.02 billion (USDA-NASS 2018). Florida tsim ib feem peb ntawm cov qoob loo lub caij ntuj no / caij nplooj ntoos hlav hauv lub tebchaws thiab yog tus tsim khoom thib 7 thoob plaws lub tebchaws rau kev tsim qos yaj ywm (USDA-NASS 2018).

Hauv Florida, cov qos yaj ywm feem ntau cog rau ntawm cov av xuab zeb uas muaj cov as-ham tsawg thiab cov dej tuav tau zoo. Ntawm tag nrho cov as-ham tseem ceeb rau kev loj hlob thiab kev txhim kho ntawm cov qoob loo, nitrogen yog cov as-ham uas txwv tsis pub muaj ntau tshaj plaws hauv cov av xuab zeb hauv Florida (Liu et al. 2016). Kev siv cov txheej txheem fertilization zoo xws li fertigation yog qhov tseem ceeb rau kev txo qis kev leaching thiab txhim kho kev siv nitrogen. Lub hom phiaj ntawm tsab xov xwm no yog los muab cov lus qhia ib kauj ruam zuj zus rau kev coj ua fertigation rau kev tsim qos yaj ywm lag luam.

VIM LI CAS THIAJ SIV FERTIGATION?

Kev siv chiv yog ib txoj kev siv chiv uas ua haujlwm los ntawm kev txhaj cov kua chiv rau hauv lub kaw lus dej; hais lwm yam, cov chiv raug siv los ntawm cov dej siv. Kev siv chiv feem ntau siv rau cov qoob loo zaub xws li txiv lws suav thiab txiv pos nphuab hauv Florida tab sis tsis tau siv rau kev lag luam qos yaj ywm. Piv nrog rau cov txheej txheem siv chiv ib txwm muaj, kev siv chiv muaj cov txiaj ntsig hauv qab no: 1) kev xa cov as-ham zoo; 2) kev siv tshuaj kom raug; 3) yooj yim tswj tus nqi thiab lub sijhawm siv; 4) kev siv chiv zoo dua; thiab 5) tus nqi siv qis dua (Liu et al. 2016).

DAB TSI YUAV TSUM MUAJ RAU LUB FERTIGATION SYSTEM?

Rau kev tsim cov qos yaj ywm ua lag luam, lub tshuab dej saum toj kawg nkaus muab kev ywj pheej zoo tshaj plaws rau cov neeg cog qoob loo thiab zoo tshaj plaws rau kev siv chiv (Daim Duab 1). Ob qho tib si center-pivot thiab linear-pivot irrigation systems yog qhov tsim nyog. Lub tshuab txhaj tshuaj siv rau kev siv chiv (Daim Duab 2). Lub tshuab txhaj tshuaj txuas nrog lub tshuab center-pivot thiab tso cai rau kev txhaj cov kua chiv (xws li 32-0-0 lossis 8-0-8) rau hauv dej siv.

THAUM TWG YUAV TSUM PIB TXOG KEV TXIV HMAB?

Kev siv chiv chiv ib txwm rau kev cog qos yaj ywm hauv Florida feem ntau muab faib ua peb theem: ua ntej cog, tawm los, thiab pib noob. Kev siv chiv ua hmoov qhuav siv tau rau ob theem thawj zaug. Kev siv chiv chiv xav tau cov chiv ua kua thiab yuav tsum pib ua ntej theem pib noob.

COV XWM TXHEEJ TXHEEM KEV NOJ QAB HAUS HUV YUAV TEEM SIJ HAWM LI CAS?

Rau cov qos yaj ywm chipping (piv txwv li, 'Atlantic') thiab qos yaj ywm tablestock (piv txwv li, 'Red LaSoda') uas muaj lub neej ntev li 95-txog-100-hnub, kev siv chiv chiv tuaj yeem pib 40 txog 45 hnub tom qab cog hauv tsib qhov xwm txheej nrog lub sijhawm 3- lossis 5-hnub ntawm txhua qhov xwm txheej siv chiv chiv. Hauv cov cheeb tsam ntawm lub xeev uas qhov kawg ntawm lub caij cog qoob loo sib xws nrog lub caij los nag, kev siv chiv chiv yuav tsum pib tsis pub dhau 45 hnub tom qab cog. Txwv tsis pub, thaum lub caij ntuj nag pib, nag ntau zaus yuav tiv thaiv cov neeg cog qoob loo kom tsis txhob khiav cov dej ntws, cuam tshuam rau kev siv chiv chiv.

DAB TSI YOG DAB TSI TUS NQI FERTIGATION?

Nyob rau hauv Florida, 25% txog 35% ntawm tag nrho cov nitrogen (N) thiab potassium (K) tuaj yeem siv rau hauv tsib qhov xwm txheej fertilization los ntawm lub tshuab dej. Cov nqi fertilization tuaj yeem faib sib npaug ntawm 10 txog 12 lb/acre ib qho xwm txheej siv cov kua chiv xws li 8-0-8. Cov seem ntawm N thiab K yuav tsum tau siv ua ntej cog (20% txog 25%) thiab thaum tawm hauv av (40% txog 55%), feem ntau yog nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov chiv qhuav granular.

QHOV CHIV FAB YOG DAB TSI?

Cov chiv siv rau kev ua chiv tuaj yeem yog cov chiv ua kua lossis cov tshuaj chiv ua los ntawm cov chiv uas yaj tau. Nitrate nitrogen yuav raug xau. Potassium txav tau hauv av thiab tuaj yeem xau tau thiab. Ob qho tib si N thiab K tuaj yeem siv los ntawm kev ua chiv. Piv txwv li, cov kua chiv xws li 8-0-8 rau N thiab K lossis 32-0-0 rau N tuaj yeem siv tau.

TUS NQI TXHAJ TSHUAJ YOG DAB TSI?

Cov twj tso kua mis uas muaj peev xwm txij li 0.7 txog 227 nkas loos ib teev (GPH) muaj rau kev txhaj tshuaj chiv ua kua hauv Tebchaws Meskas. Hauv Manatee County, Florida, lub twj txhaj tshuaj ntawm 55 GPH, hloov kho tau txij li 5.5 txog 55 GPH, tau siv rau qhov chaw nruab nrab nrog thaj av uas muaj txij li 40 txog 140 daim av.

YUAV UA LI CAS XAM QHOV KEV SIB THIAJ NTAWM COV CHIV KOM PAUB HAUV LUB TXHEEJ TXHEEM KEV UA KOM PAUB?

Kauj ruam thawj zaug yog kom tau txais cov ntaub ntawv yooj yim txog lub kaw lus, xws li tus nqi ntawm cov tshuaj chiv, cov khoom sib xyaw ntawm N, tus nqi ntawm kev ywg dej, thiab cov ntaub ntawv hauv daim teb. Piv txwv li, cov hauv qab no yog cov ntaub ntawv rau ib daim teb piv txwv:

• Qhov loj ntawm lub pivot nruab nrab: 40 daim av
• Tus nqi dej ntws: 600 nkas loos/feeb
• Qhov chaw pivot khiav ceev: 6 lossis ntau dua teev / lub voj voog
• Fertigation N tus nqi: 10 phaus/acre/kev tshwm sim
• Qhov siab tshaj plaws ntawm kev txhaj tshuaj ntawm lub injector: 55 (ntau ntawm 5.5 txog 55) GPH

Thaum 8-0-8 (ua los ntawm 296 phaus ntawm UAN-32, 182 phaus ntawm calcium nitrate, 360 phaus ntawm potassium nitrate, thiab 1162 phaus dej) nrog 23.68 phaus ntawm ammonium (NH4)₄⁺) N thiab 89.38 lb ntawm nitrate (NO₃^-) N, thiab 47.36 lb urea (CN)₂H₂O) N thiab 165.6 lb ntawm potassium oxide (K)₂O) siv tau rau:

• Cov kua chiv N: 8-0-8
• Qhov ceev ntawm kua N chiv: 10.09 phaus/gallon ntawm 68^°F
• Cov ntsiab lus N ib nkas loos ntawm 8-0-8: 0.807 lb.

Kauj ruam thib ob yog txiav txim siab tag nrho cov kua chiv N uas xav tau. Qhov no yog xam los ntawm kev paub qhov ceev ntawm cov kua chiv N uas xav tau ib daim av thiab qhov loj ntawm daim teb.

• Tag nrho cov kua chiv N xav tau: 10 phaus/acre × 40 acre = 400 phaus.
• N xa tuaj rau hauv kev yug me nyuam ib teev ntawm qhov siab tshaj plaws ntawm kev txhaj tshuaj: 55 GPH × 0.807 lb/gal = 44.385 lb/teev.
• Lub sijhawm ntawm kev siv chiv kom xa cov chiv N: Yuav kom paub tseeb tias siv chiv sib npaug, yuav tsum siv sijhawm 9 teev los khiav lub hauv paus pivot rau ib lub voj voog tag nrho: 400 lb ÷ 44.385 = 9.0 teev. Qhov no txhais tau tias lub sijhawm ntawm kev siv chiv tuaj yeem hloov kho raws li tus nqi txhaj tshuaj thiab N concentration ntawm cov kua chiv siv. Piv txwv ntawm kev xam tuaj yeem pom nrog cov nqi txhaj tshuaj sib txawv thiab N concentration hauv Cov Lus Qhia 1, 2, thiab 3 rau 40, 80, thiab 120 daim av nrog N tus nqi siv chiv ntawm 10 lb/acre.
• Tag nrho cov dej ntim (gal): 600 gal / min × 9 teev × 60 min / teev = 324,000 gal
• N concentration (oz/gal) hauv kev yug me nyuam: 400 phaus ÷ 324,000 gal × 16 oz/lb = 0.02
• Kev hloov pauv tseem ceeb: 1 oz/gal = 6,236 ppm
• N concentration (PPM) hauv kev yug me nyuam: 0.02 × 6,236 = 123 ppm

Thaum UAN-32 (32-0-0 ua los ntawm 50% ntawm ammonium nitrate (NH4)₄TSIS MUAJ₃) thiab urea) yog siv ua qhov chaw chiv uas muaj 25% ntawm NH₄⁺-N thiab TSIS MUAJ₃^--N thiab 50% urea N:

• Cov kua chiv N: 32-0-0
• Qhov ceev ntawm kua N chiv: 11.08 phaus/gallon ntawm 68^°F
• Cov ntsiab lus N ib nkas loos ntawm 32-0-0 (UAN-32): 3.55 lb
• Phaus ntawm cov kua chiv N xav tau: 10 phaus/acre × 40 acres = 400 phaus
• Cov nkas loos ntawm cov kua chiv N xav tau: 400 phaus ÷ 3.55 phaus/gal = 113 gal
• Tus nqi txhaj tshuaj: 113 gal ÷ 6 teev = 19 GPH
• Tag nrho cov dej ntim: 600 gal / min × 6 teev × 60 min / teev = 216,000 gal

Nrog rau qhov kev txhaj tshuaj qis dua no, kev siv dej thiab kev siv chiv tuaj yeem ua ke los ntawm kev siv chiv: 400 phaus ntawm N2 thiab 216,000 nkas loos dej siv tau ob qho tib si hauv 6 teev. Qhov concentration ntawm N2 hauv kev siv chiv:

• N concentration (oz/gal) hauv kev yug me nyuam: 400 lb ÷ 216,000 gal × 16 oz/lb = 0.03oz/gal
• Kev hloov pauv tseem ceeb: 1 oz/gal = 6,236 ppm
• N concentration (PPM) hauv kev yug me nyuam: 0.03 × 6,236 = 185 hli

Lwm txoj kev siv UAN-32 yog siv cov kua chiv, 32-0-0 los ua kom cov kua chiv muaj ntau tshaj 1 lb/gallon rau 40 daim av lossis tsawg dua thiab 3 lb/gallon rau 100 daim av lossis ntau dua.

• Kev tso quav: N concentration ntawm cov kua chiv (piv txwv li, 11.08 lb/gal ntawm UAN-32) ÷ qhov concentration tiag tiag tom qab dilution (piv txwv li, 1 lossis 3 lb/gal). Saib Rooj 4 rau cov piv txwv ntawm dilution. Tom qab dilution, cov kua chiv muaj qhov concentration ntawm cov as-ham qis dua. Qhov concentration ntawm cov as-ham tiag tiag tom qab dilution yog txiav txim siab los ntawm cov kua chiv thiab cov yam ntxwv dilution. Rooj 5 teev cov N concentration tiag tiag tom qab dilution.

NIAM TXIV

Kev siv chiv yog ib txoj kev ua teb zoo rau kev tswj cov khoom noj khoom haus rau kev tsim qos yaj ywm nrog kev ywg dej saum toj kawg nkaus. Lub hom phiaj ntawm kev siv chiv yog los pab cov neeg cog qoob loo hauv Florida muab cov khoom noj khoom haus rau cov nroj tsuag thaum lub sijhawm zoo thiab siv BMPs uas txo cov khoom noj khoom haus tawm thiab ua kom cov qos yaj ywm ntau tshaj plaws. Kev sim ua teb ntau xyoo qhia tau tias kev siv chiv tuaj yeem ua rau cov qos yaj ywm muaj txiaj ntsig ntau dua 20% lossis siv cov chiv tsawg dua 30%. Kev siv chiv pab txo cov kev mus ncig ua teb rau kev siv chiv thiab txo cov dej qias neeg los ntawm kev siv cov khoom noj khoom haus tawm.

COV LUS QHIA THIAB COV LUS QHIA NTXIV

• Liu, GD, Simonne EH, KT Morgan, and GJ Hochmuth. 2018. Kev Tswj Av thiab Chiv rau Kev Tsim Zaub hauv Florida. HS711. Gainesville: Tsev Kawm Ntawv Qib Siab Florida Lub Tsev Kawm Ntawv Saib Xyuas Khoom Noj thiab Kev Ua Liaj Ua Teb. Nkag mus rau lub Cuaj Hlis 23, 2019. https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/cv101
• Liu, GD, J. Williamson, G. England, thiab A. Whidden. Yuav Ua Li Cas Xam Tus Nqi Txhaj Tshuaj Rau Kev Tsim Blueberry Lag Luam. HS1197. Gainesville: Tsev Kawm Ntawv Qib Siab Florida Lub Tsev Kawm Ntawv Saib Xyuas Khoom Noj thiab Kev Ua Liaj Ua Teb. Nkag mus rau lub Cuaj Hlis 23, 2019. https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/hs1197
• Zotarelli, L., PJ Dittmar, PD Roberts, J. Desaeger, JW Noling, thiab B. Wells. 2019. Kev Tsim Qos Yaj Ywm. Phau Ntawv Qhia Txog Kev Tsim Zaub ntawm Florida, 2019–2020. HS733. Gainesville: Tsev Kawm Ntawv Qib Siab Florida Lub Tsev Kawm Ntawv Saib Xyuas Khoom Noj thiab Kev Ua Liaj Ua Teb. Nkag mus rau lub Cuaj Hlis 23, 2019. https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/cv131

HLOOV

• 1. Daim ntawv no yog HS1361, yog ib qho ntawm cov ntawv sau los ntawm Horticultural Sciences Department, Univercity of Florida Extension. Hnub luam tawm thawj zaug yog lub Peb Hlis Ntuj xyoo 2020. Mus saib lub vev xaib EDIS ntawm https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu rau qhov version uas tam sim no txhawb nqa ntawm qhov kev tshaj tawm no.
• 2. Xiangju Fu, tus tub ntxhais kawm tiav qib siab, Guodong Liu, tus xibfwb pabcuam, Lincoln Zotarelli, tus xibfwb pabcuam, thiab Steven Sargent, xibfwb, Horticultural Sciences Department; Kati Migliaccio, xibfwb thiab tus thawj coj, Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering; thiab Yuncong Li, xibfwb, Department of Soil and Water Sciences, Univercity of Florida Tropical Research and Education Center, Homestead, FL 33031.
• Kev siv cov npe lag luam hauv tsab ntawv tshaj tawm no tsuas yog rau lub hom phiaj ntawm kev muab cov ntaub ntawv tshwj xeeb xwb. Univercity of Florida tsis lav lossis lav cov khoom uas muaj npe, thiab cov lus hais txog lawv hauv tsab ntawv tshaj tawm no tsis qhia tias peb pom zoo rau kev tshem tawm lwm cov khoom uas muaj cov khoom sib xyaw tsim nyog. Txhua yam tshuaj yuav tsum tau siv raws li cov lus qhia ntawm daim ntawv lo ntawm tus neeg tsim khoom.

/kev siv tshuab dej