
Lwm txoj kev nrhiav los pab tswj Colorado qos beetles
Neonicotinoid insecticides yog ib qho tseem ceeb rau kev tswj Colorado qos beetles thiab aphids nyob rau hauv qos yaj ywm, tab sis cov nyom rau lawv siv yog loj hlob.
Ntau lub khw muag khoom xav kom lawv cov neeg muag khoom siv kev tswj xyuas kab tsuag, thiab lwm cov khw muag khoom tau txiav tawm cov khoom uas muaj cov tshuaj tua kab tag nrho.
EPA qhov kev tshuaj xyuas ntawm qhov cuam tshuam ntawm neonicotinoids (feem ntau hu ua neonics) ntawm cov tsiaj muaj kev puas tsuaj txuas ntxiv mus, nrog rau cov lus qhia tias lawv yuav raug txwv rau yav tom ntej. Cov neeg thuam tau txuas nrog kev siv neonic ntau ntxiv nrog kev tiv thaiv ntawm cov kab tsuag, kev puas tsuaj rau pollinators thiab ib puag ncig kev sib kis. Raws li qhov tshwm sim, cov khw muag khoom loj xws li Walmart thiab Costco tau txhawb cov neeg tsim khoom tshiab kom tshem tawm cov tshuaj.
Cov teeb meem kev tawm tsam tau maj mam txo cov txiaj ntsig ntawm neonics rau kev tswj Colorado qos beetles, ua rau lawv lub qhov rais ua tau zoo. Zaub entomology tshawb fawb los ntawm Groves Lab ntawm University of Wisconsin pom tias qhov kev ua tau zoo tau luv luv los ntawm 50 hnub txij li cov tshuaj tua kab tau sau npe rau xyoo 1995. Qhov no txhais tau 3.3 hnub ntxiv ntawm kev tswj tsis tau lossis 35 Hnub Loj Hlob (GDD) ib xyoos twg. .
GDD yog huab cua-raws li kev loj hlob qoob loo uas ntsuas cov cua sov sib xyaw kom kwv yees cov nroj tsuag thiab kab tsuag kev loj hlob.
"Ib zaug, ib daim ntawv thov cog qoob loo muaj kev tswj hwm zoo dua," Zsofia Szendrei, tus kws tshaj lij thiab tus kws tshaj lij ntawm cov zaub Extension hauv Department of Entomology ntawm Michigan State University. "Tam sim no, cov neeg cog qoob loo tsuas yog tau txais ib hlis mus rau ib hlis thiab ib nrab ntawm kev tswj hwm, lossis tej zaum ntev me ntsis."
Szendrei, uas tshawb fawb tshuaj ecology, tshuaj lom neeg kev tswj hwm, kev tswj vaj tse thiab kev coj noj coj ua ntawm cov kab tsuag, yog tus thawj coj ntawm pawg kws tshawb fawb qos yaj ywm hauv tebchaws nrhiav kev xaiv neonicotinoid. USDA's Specialty Crop Research Initiative tau tshaj tawm nyiaj txiag rau $ 6 lab qhov project los kawm txog kab tsuag tshuaj tua kab rau qos yaj ywm hauv Lub Ob Hlis. Lub hom phiaj tseem ceeb ntawm txoj haujlwm, txhawb nqa los ntawm Potatoes USA, yog tshawb nrhiav lwm txoj hauv kev siv neonicotinoids.
Colorado qos beetles yog qhov zoo ntawm kev yoog rau cov co toxins hauv cov tshuaj tua kab vim tias lawv hloov zuj zus los pub rau ntawm nplooj ntawm cov nroj tsuag solanaceous uas muaj tshuaj lom alkaloids. Solanaceous nroj tsuag yog cov tsev neeg nightshade thiab suav nrog qos yaj ywm, txiv lws suav, eggplants thiab peppers. Kev raug rau cov koob tshuaj sublethal ntawm neonicotinoids yog lwm qhov laj thawj rau kev tiv thaiv ntau ntxiv, xws li kev vam khom rau ib chav kawm ntawm cov tshuaj tua kab.
Neonicotinoids muaj ntau lub npe lag luam thiab ntau yam khoom xyaw, suav nrog imidacloprid, thiamethoxam, acetamiprid, clothianidin thiab dinotefuran. Tag nrho cov khoom xyaw nquag muaj nyob rau hauv tib chav kawm MoA (Hom Kev Ua Haujlwm) ntawm 4A, thiab lawv tua kab tib yam. Tag nrho cov txiaj ntsig ntawm kev ua kom muaj zog yog qhov kev tshawb nrhiav ntau dua thiab ntau daim ntawv thov foliar yog xav tau los tswj Colorado qos beetle.
Nyob rau lub sijhawm no, ua raws li tus qauv zoo rau kev tswj hwm Colorado qos beetle kuj tseem yog txoj kev npaj zoo tshaj plaws, cov kws tshaj lij hais tias:
- Tsis txhob siv tshuaj tua kab neonicotinoid foliar tom qab lub caij yog tias siv tshuaj tua kab neonicotinoid thaum cog.
- Tig cov qoob loo thiab khaws yam tsawg kawg ntawm ib feem peb ntawm ib mais ntawm cov qos yaj ywm.
- Khaws tej yam ntuj tso los ntawm kev siv cov tshuaj tua kab xaiv thiab cov kev kho mob hauv paus ntawm kev tshawb nrhiav, cov txheej txheem sampling kom raug thiab qhov pib ua.
- Tsis txhob siv tshuaj tua kab hauv qab cov ntawv sau npe, siv cov qos yaj ywm ntxiab cov qoob loo ntawm cov npoo thiab kho qhov chaw thaum ua tau.
Colorado qos beetle (CPB) cov pej xeem muaj peev xwm ua tau zoo heev los txhim kho cov tshuaj tua kab - suav nrog ntau cov carbamate, organophosphate, pyrethroid, spinosyn, thiab neonicotinoid insecticides uas tau siv niaj hnub no. CPB lub peev xwm los txhim kho kev tiv thaiv tsis yog qhov xav tsis thoob thaum koj xav txog cov kab no yuav tsum tau txais txoj hauv kev los ua kom siab siab ntawm cov tshuaj lom glycoalkaloids hauv lawv cov tswv tsev solanaceous. Nyob rau hauv qhov tseeb, cov kab no yog npaj ua ntej los daws cov co toxins. Tej zaum nws yuav siv sij hawm me me hloov pauv kom pom zoo rau cov co toxins tshiab.
Ntxiv mus, CPBs tsim cov tub ntxhais coob coob, ua rau muaj qhov tsis sib xws ntawm cov tshuaj tua kab-resistant mutants yuav tshwm sim random. Xav txog tias 50 qe rau ib tsob nroj, sib npaug los ntawm 20,000 qos yaj ywm nroj tsuag ib daim av, tuaj yeem tsim tau ib lab kab hauv ib tiam. Thiab feem ntau muaj ob lossis peb tiam hauv ib lub caij. Thaum cov tshuaj tua kab yog thawj zaug siv rau cov qoob loo, cov kab mob me me (tej zaum tsuas yog ib ntawm 10 lab) tuaj yeem muaj sia nyob vim muaj kev hloov pauv tsis sib xws. Yog hais tias tsis muaj dab tsi lwm tus tua lawv, ob peb resistant mutants yuav rov tsim dua. Thiab ntau ntawm lawv cov xeeb ntxwv yuav tau txais txiaj ntsig zoo ntawm cov tshuaj tua kab.

- Qos qoob loo tig thiab sib cais: CPBs overwinter raws li cov neeg laus hauv cov av hauv xyoo dhau los cov qos yaj ywm teb tom qab ntawd tshwm sim rau lub caij nplooj ntoos hlav los pub, sib yuav, thiab nteg qe. Larvae tawm ntawm cov qe, pub rau ib pliag, thiab tom qab ntawd poob rau hauv av kom pupate thiab pib lub voj voog dua li ntau li peb zaug hauv ib lub caij. Tso cov qos yaj ywm xyoo no kom deb ntawm xyoo tas los ua rau nws nyuaj rau CPBs nrhiav khoom noj thaum lawv tawm. Lawv tsuas pub rau cov qoob loo solanaceous thiab cov nroj tsuag, thiab lawv tsis mus ntev. Rau lub tswv yim no kom txo tau CPB siab, cais thaj tsam ntawm tsawg kawg yog 0.25 mais
- Kev txiav txim siab txog tshuaj tsuag : Qee cov tshuaj tua kab yuav txo qis yog tias cov tshuaj tsuag yog acidic dhau (xws li spinosad, spinetoram). Lwm tus degrade yog tias cov tshuaj yog alkaline-neutral (xws li, phosmet). Thiab koj yuav tsum tsis txhob siv qee cov tshuaj tua kab nrog cov ntawv nplaum / khi hom adjuvants (piv txwv li, abamectin thiab thiamethoxam). Cov khoom no yuav tsis ua haujlwm zoo yog tias koj tsis mloog cov ntsiab lus no, uas feem ntau suav nrog hauv daim ntawv lo.
- Lub sijhawm thov thiab tus nqi:
Nws yog kev ntxias kom ua cov tshuaj tua kab foliar sai li sai tau thaum koj pom cov kab laus. Tab sis feem ntau koj tau txais txiaj ntsig zoo dua yog tias koj tos kom cov larvae tshwm sim. Cov tshuaj tua kab feem ntau ua haujlwm zoo tshaj plaws tiv thaiv cov qe tshiab, me me. Peb feem ntau pom zoo ua cov ntawv foliar thaum txog 50% ntawm cov larvae tau hatched. Saib xyuas CPB cov pej xeem ze kom tau lub sijhawm. Siv tag nrho daim ntawv lo tus nqi (dosage) ntawm cov tshuaj tua kab kom tau txais txiaj ntsig zoo tshaj plaws. - Rotate Insecticides nrog ntau hom kev ua:
Kev cia siab rau ib qho tshuaj tua kab (lossis ntau yam uas tua nrog cov qauv zoo sib xws) tuaj yeem ua rau muaj kev tawm tsam lossis kev sib tw hauv cov neeg CPB. Insecticide Resistance Action Committee (IRAC) npaj cov tshuaj tua kab raws li lawv hom kev ua. Yog li koj yuav tsum tau tig cov tshuaj tua kab los ntawm ntau pawg IRAC nrog rau txhua daim ntawv thov. Yog tias koj tsis tua cov mutants resistant nrog ib qho, koj tuaj yeem tswj tau lawv nrog rau daim ntawv thov tom ntej ntawm cov tshuaj tua kab sib txawv. - Neonicotinoid Insecticides:
Ntau tus neeg cog qos yaj ywm qhia txog kev tswj hwm zoo ntawm CBPs thaum lawv siv neonicotinoid (IRAC Group 4) thaum cog lossis hilling. Nws tau paub tias muab 80 mus rau 100 hnub ntawm kev tswj qhov seem. Tab sis raug rau cov tshuaj tua kab nrog ntev persistence nyob rau hauv nplooj tuaj yeem tsim kev xaiv muaj zog rau kev tiv thaiv. Muaj ntau neonicotinoid-resistant CPB pejxeem nyob rau sab hnub tuaj thiab Midwest. Txhawm rau txo qis kev pheej hmoo nyob rau sab hnub poob, peb nug cov neeg cog qoob loo yog tias lawv siv cov nroj tsuag ntawm tsob ntoo lossis ntawm toj roob hauv pes neonicotinoid, kom tsis txhob siv cov foliar neonicotinoids hauv lub caij. - Cov Neeg Ua Haujlwm Pab Cuam Qis thiab CPBs:
Cov qos yaj ywm ua haujlwm pub dawb yog qhov khoom noj thaum ntxov thiab cog qoob loo rau CPB cov neeg laus uas tau tshwm sim hauv xyoo tas los cov qos yaj ywm. Lawv nyiam nyob rau ntawm cov nroj tsuag no, tab sis qee tus ntawm lawv cov xeeb ntxwv thaum kawg yuav pom lawv txoj hauv kev rau xyoo no qos yaj ywm. Yog volunteers muaj ntau nyob rau hauv koj cheeb tsam, yuav tsum saib xyuas rau cov tuaj txog lig. Cov tshuaj tua kab siv los tswj CPBs uas tshwm sim ua ntej (nrog rau cov nroj tsuag neonicotinoid) tej zaum yuav tas sij hawm. - Extended Diapause:
Qee cov neeg CPB tsis txhob raug tshuaj tua kab los ntawm kev nyob hauv av ntev dua thiab ncua lawv txoj kev loj hlob. Qhov kev tawm tsam no yog hu ua ncua diapause. Qhov no yog lwm qhov laj thawj los saib xyuas CPB cov pej xeem hauv cov qos yaj ywm ze ze. Koj tuaj yeem ua daim ntawv thov thaum muaj kab tsuag es tsis yog txau rau ntawm daim ntawv qhia hnub.